Findings are that no one program is best in developing reading comprehension but that rigidity constrains teacher agency and programs should be part of a balanced literacy program which is informed by professional knowledge about students.
Reference: Exley,B., Bradfield,K., Heinrichs,D. & Clancy, S. (2026, March 13). A systematic quantitative literature review of the contribution of phonics to overall reading performance for primary students. MDPI.
